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Numerous other Scientologist-run companies and organizations belong to the umbrella company World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses making use of Hubbard's management doctrines, and distributes directory sites of WISE-affiliated companies. WISE needs those who wish to end up being Hubbard management consults to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which uses an Associate of Applied Science Degree.
This area requires expansion. You can assist by contributing to it. In order to assist in the ongoing expansion of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the type of effective or respected individuals. Church of Scientology Perth. Though it has actually obtained some trustworthiness as a faith in many countries, Scientology has also been referred to as both a cult and a company.
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For instance, it has actually been kept in mind to participate in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by recognizing as Level playing field people it perceives as its enemies. In 1979, a number of Scientology members were convicted for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were also founded guilty of scams, murder and damaging witnesses in French cases, malicious libel against legal representative Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religious beliefs in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner states that Scientology's "high level of exposure" may be viewed as "threatening to developed social organizations".
From 1952 till 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS ended up being the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, changing its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the IRS removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were business and run for the benefit of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, however its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology were in 52 countries by the time the 80s can be found in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost consistently for 26 years trying to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had initially demandedand the IRS acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt nonprofit company.
Scientology cites its tax exemption as evidence the United States government accepts it as a faith. In January 2009, elimination of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in products for the incoming Barack Obama administration to examine, as identified in an internet survey run by the presidential look at here transition team obtaining public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard designated Mary Sue Hubbard to take useful reference control of specific elements of legal defense for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was developed with its head office positioned at Saint Hill Manor - Church of Scientology Perth. Under The Guardian's Office (later on renamed the Office of Unique Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted personnel from Bureau One later organized and dedicated among the largest penetration of United States federal firms ever perpetrated by a company not associated with a foreign federal government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution described their actions as such: The crime devoted by these accuseds is of a breadth and scope formerly unprecedented. No structure, office, desk, or file was safe from their sleuthing and spying. No individual or company was free from their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has likewise in the past utilized aggressive tactics in attending to those it sees as attempting to reduce them, understood as from this source Suppressive Persons (SPs) first described by Hubbard as part of a policy called fair game. Scientology. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its creator.
Utilizing blank paper understood to have actually been dealt with by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb risks in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began prosecution, which might have sent out Cooper to prison for a prolonged term. The Church's strategy was found at the same time as its Operation Snow White actions were exposed.